Sample College Transfer Essay for Admission

The following sample essay was written by a student named David. He wrote the transfer essay below for the Common Transfer Application in response to the prompt, Please provide a statement that addresses your reasons for transferring and the objectives you hope to achieve (250 to 650 words). David is attempting to transfer from Amherst College to the University of Pennsylvania. As far as admissions standards go, this is a lateral move—both schools are extremely selective.  His letter will need to be extremely strong for his transfer application to be successful. Key Takeaways: A Winning Transfer Essay Have a clear academic reason for your transfer. Personal reasons are fine, but academics need to come first.Stay positive. Dont speak badly of your current school. Emphasize what you like about your target school, not what you dislike about your current school.Be meticulous. Grammar, punctuation, and style matter. Show that you put time and care into your writing. Davids Transfer Application Essay During the summer after my first year of college, I spent six weeks volunteering at an archaeological excavation in Hazor, site of the largest tel (mound) in Israel. My time in Hazor was not easy—wake-up came at 4:00 a.m., and by noontime temperatures were often in the 90s. The dig was sweaty, dusty, back-breaking work. I wore out two pairs of gloves and the knees in several pairs of khakis. Nevertheless, I loved every minute of my time in Israel. I met interesting people from around the world, worked with amazing students and faculty from Hebrew University, and became fascinated with the current efforts to create a portrait of life in the Canaanite period. Upon my return to Amherst College for my sophomore year, I soon came to realize that the school does not offer the exact major I now hope to pursue. Im majoring in anthropology, but the program at Amherst is almost entirely contemporary and sociological in its focus. More and more my interests are becoming archaeological and historical. When I visited Penn this fall, I was impressed by the breadth of offerings in anthropology and archaeology, and I absolutely loved your Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Your broad approach to the field with emphases on understanding both the past and present has great appeal to me. By attending Penn, I hope to broaden and deepen my knowledge in anthropology, participate in more summer field work, volunteer at the museum, and eventually, go on to graduate school in archaeology. My reasons for transferring are almost entirely academic. I have made many good friends at Amherst, and I have studied with some wonderful professors. However, I do have one non-academic reason for being interested in Penn. I originally applied to Amherst because it was comfortable—I come from a small town in Wisconsin, and Amherst felt like home. Im now looking forward to pushing myself to experience places that arent quite so familiar. The kibbutz at Kfar HaNassi was one such environment, and the urban environment of Philadelphia would be another. As my transcript shows, I have done well at Amherst and I am convinced I can meet the academic challenges of Penn. I know I would grow at Penn, and your program in anthropology perfectly matches my academic interests and professional goals. Analysis of Davids Transfer Essay Before we even get to Davids essay, its important to put his transfer into context. David is attempting to transfer into an  Ivy League  school. Penn is not the most selective of the countrys top universities, but the transfer acceptance rate is still around 8% (at Harvard and Stanford, that number is closer to 1%). David needs to approach this effort at transfer realistically —  even with excellent grades and a stellar essay, his chances of success are by no means guaranteed. That said, he has many things going for him — he is coming from an equally demanding college where he has earned good grades, and he seems like the type of student who will certainly succeed at Penn. He will need strong  letters of recommendation  to round out his application. Now on to the essay... David is responding to the prompt on the Common Transfer Application: Please provide a statement (250 words minimum) that addresses your reasons for transferring and the objectives you hope to achieve, and attach it to your application before submission. Lets break down the discussion of Davids transfer essay into several categories. The Reasons for Transfer The strongest feature of Davids essay is the focus. David is pleasingly specific in presenting his reasons for transferring. David knows exactly what he wants to study, and he has a clear understanding of what both Penn and Amherst have to offer him. Davids description of his experience in Israel defines the focus of his essay, and he then connects that experience to his reasons for wanting to transfer. There are lots of  bad reasons to transfer, but Davids clear interest in studying anthropology and archaeology makes his motives seem both well thought-out and reasonable. Many transfer applicants are trying to move to a new college because they are running away from some kind of bad experience, sometimes something academic, sometimes something more personal. David, however, clearly likes Amherst and is running towards something—an opportunity at Penn that better matches his newly discovered professional goals. This is a big positive factor for his application. The Length The Common Transfer Application instructions state that the essay needs to be at least 250 words. The maximum length is 650 words. Davids essay comes in at around 380 words. It is tight and concise. He doesnt waste time talking about his disappointments with Amherst, nor does he put much effort into explaining the things that other parts of his application will cover such as grades and extracurricular involvement. He does have a lot more space left to elaborate, but in this case the letter gets the job done well with few words. The Tone David gets the tone perfect, something that is difficult to do in a  transfer essay. Lets face it—if you are transferring it is because there is something about your current school that you dont like. Its easy to be negative and critical of your classes, your professors, your college environment, and so on. Its also easy to come across as a whiner or an ungenerous and angry person who doesnt have the inner resources to make the most of ones circumstances. David avoids these pitfalls. His representation of Amherst is extremely positive. He praises the school while noting that the curricular offerings do not match his professional goals. The Personality Partly because of the tone discussed above, David comes across as a pleasant person, someone who the admissions folks are likely to want to have as part of their campus community. Moreover, David presents himself as someone who likes to push himself to grow. He is honest  in  his reasons for going to Amherst—the school seemed like a good fit given his small-town upbringing. It  is, therefore, impressive to see him so actively working to expand his experiences beyond his provincial roots. David has clearly grown at Amherst, and he is looking forward to growing more at Penn. The Writing When applying to a place like Penn, the technical aspects of the writing need to be flawless. Davids prose is clear, engaging and free of errors. If you struggle on this front, be sure to check out these  tips for improving your essays style. And if grammar isnt your greatest strength, be sure to work through your essay with someone who does have strong grammar skills. A Final Word on Davids Transfer Essay Davids college transfer essay does exactly what an essay needs to do, and he includes the features of a strong transfer essay. He clearly articulates his reasons for transferring, and he does so in a positive and specific way. David presents himself as a serious student with clear academic and professional goals. We have little doubt that he has the skills and intellectual curiosity to succeed at Penn, and David has made a strong argument about why this particular transfer makes a lot of sense. Odds are still against Davids success given the competitive nature of Ivy League transfers, but he has strengthened his application with his essay.

Essay about Enormity of Slavery - 1618 Words

In the 1800s, many slave owners thought it fair for Africans to work without pay, because they believed that this particular group of people were made by God for this sort of work, and that slave owners were ever caring and conscientious of their slaves anyway, making slavery an easy life; truthfully, however, as both Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs experienced in being slaves most of their lives, and then showed in their narratives, this cruel and unusual practice was the epitome of iniquity- notwithstanding the fact that they were created equal to their malefactors.†¦show more content†¦So, he assumes that because this group of people are built anatomically this way, they are thus inferior, and must fulfill their destiny as slaves, thus ‘proving’ that slavery is just(Hoffman 364). George Fitzhugh too had popular ideas supporting slavery, and states that due to slavery, the South is plump with â€Å"peace, quiet, plenty, and contentment.† He depicts that Southern people have a, â€Å"refinement of head and heart†, meaning that slave owners had perfected their thoughts and concerns for others, making it an environment in which it was reasonable for anyone to live, even a slave. This would have indubitably given one reason to believe that slavery was not so bad at all, because the people of the South were a hospitable group of people who cared for all of God’s children(Hoffman 366). In their writings, supporters of slavery make this practice seem almost justifiable. Nevertheless, as Frederick Douglass- who experienced slavery first hand- writes in his narrative, the truth seems quite the contrary. As he writes, he makes it obvious how horrible the conditions of a slave are. â€Å"The louder she (another slave) screamed, the harder he (the master) whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest(Lauter 877).† Experiencing this sort of cruelty as a child was surely scarring, not only physically, but psychologically. A slave in Douglass’s time and place was forced to fear for their livesShow MoreRelatedThe Enormity Of Slavery By Fredrick Douglas859 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enormity of Slavery â€Å"Slavery is the great test question of our age and nation. It, above all others, enables us to draw the line between the precious and the vile, whether in individuals, creeds, sects, or parties†, as stated by Fredrick Douglas in the mid 1850s. Slavery can be stated as a civil relationship in which one person has absolute power over the life, fortune, and liberty of another. 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Review of Epidemiological Studies Related Papers

Question: Write a review paper reporting epidemiological studies related to your problem/issue (6 pages. 2. Review and analyze six research articles addressing the following aspects of each study (about 1 page per article) Each of these will need their own heading: 1. a. Type of study; b. Population; c. Methodology including study design and statistical analysis used; d. Interventions or treatments investigated (if applicable to your topic); e. Limitations of the study; f. Study results - what did the study find and g. How significant are the findings in relationship to nursing practice? 2. Summary and Conclusions: (2 - 3 pages) Summarize the most significant findings from the reviewed studies with attention to each of the following: a. Implications for health care in various settings (acute setting, outpatient setting, home setting) b. Implications for health policy at the local, state, national and global level c. Need for further research and health prevention/promotion program development. Answer: Introduction Heart diseases are very major health issues that the people suffer from on wide scale basis. The pervasiveness of this disease has increased considerably during the past few decades. This research paper aims at analyzing six articles based on the heart related diseases so as to evaluate the issues and problems of such diseases and what interventions can be undertaken in order to mitigate such diseases. With the help of these studies, statistical analysis of the patients suffering from heart related diseases and limitations of the researches can be assessed. Moreover, this research paper also describes the significance of these research papers in relation to nursing practice. Article No. 1: One in Three Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease is Preventable Author: Dr. Mercola Date: April 07, 2014 Analysis: Type of study: Study based on Coronary Artery Disease or CAD Population: The study based to US population. Statistical analysis: It has been perceived that one out of the three deaths of US has been caused for cardiovascular diseases mean due to stroke, heart attacks. According to the statistical review between the years 2001 and 2010, the rate of death caused by CAD was 29%. Around 800,000 deaths have been caused due to CDA disease (Scholarspace.jccc.edu, 2016). Treatments investigated: This study also suggested that the Americans should take necessary remedies to control their weight, cholesterol and blood pressure. This study also suggested that for preventing the heart related disease, the American have to stop smoking and do exercise regularly. Limitations of the study: This article is oriented with the people of US only. Hence the data related to the people suffering from this disease in other parts of the world could not be evaluated. Study results: The deaths caused due to the heart related diseases can be prevented by adopting necessary changes in the lifestyle. Daily exercise habit is also helpful to prevent the heart related diseases. Significance of the findings in relationship to nursing practice: As per this study, the heart diseases can be prevented by undertaking necessary changes in daily life and reducing the smoking habits. The result of this study helps to understand the prevention measures of the heart related diseases. Article No. 2: Disparities in Temporal and Geographic Patterns of Declining Heart Disease Mortality by Race and Sex in the United States, 19732010 Author: S. Vaughan, Harrison Quick, Elizabeth B. Pathak, Michael R. Kramer, Michele Casper. Date: August 17, 2015. Analysis: Type of study: The study is based on the different patients who are suffering from such chronic heart diseases belonging to different demographic variables such as geography, sex, age, etc. Population: This study is entirely based on the US population. Methodology: This study is based on Bayesian hierarchical model (Vaughan et al., 2015). Interventions: The probability of affected patients by the heart diseases varies as per geography and race. Limitations of the study: The study is based on the National Surveillance Data of US. These data seems to be overestimated the actual number of deaths caused by the heart related disease that affects the significance of the study results directly. Study results: the rate of deaths caused due to the heart diseases varies as per the geography, sex. How significant are the findings in relationship to nursing practice: This study helps to understand that the rate of patients affected by the heart diseases vary geographically. Article No. 3: County Health Factors Associated with Avoidable Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States, 20062010 Author: Sophia Greer, Linda J. Schieb, Matthew Ritchey, Mary George, Michele Casper Date: May 2015 Analysis: Type of study: The study based on the identifying the prevention measures of the heart disease. Population: the research is on the population of US. Methodology including study design and statistical analysis used: the study used confidence intervals or 95% CIs as well as RRs or Poisson rate ratio in order to compare the rates of deaths caused due to the heart diseases. Interventions: This research revealed that the economical and social factors of the patients have great effect on the rate of death caused due to the heart diseases. Geographic disparities also affect the deaths caused for the CVD or cardiovascular diseases. Limitations of the study: The study is based on only the US population under the age 75 years. Study results: many deaths caused due to the cardiovascular diseases may be avoided by taking suitable prevention measures. How significant are the findings in relationship to nursing practice: This research uses the terms RRs and CIs to compare death caused due to CVD. The study also relates that the economic, social and geographical factors affect the rates of deaths caused due to CVD. Article No. 4: Heart Disease: Causes, Prevention, and Current Research Author: Deeanna Kelley Date: 2014 Analysis: Type of study: This study is based on the deaths caused due to the heart related disease in US. Population: The overall study is based on the caused, prevention measures of heart related diseases among the population of US. Methodology: This study related to the findings of the cause, prevention measures of the heart disease. Treatments investigated: The study states that the cholesterol and saturated fat of the human body are the main two reasons of heart diseases. Taking proper diet, regular exercises may leads to reduce excess fats from the human body that may prevent the affecting of the disease. Limitations of the study: the study did not consider the genetic model of the human body. Study results: Human have to strictly follow proper diet to reduce fat that is one of the major concerns of affected by the heart diseases. In addition to this, regular exercises also help to reduce excess fat from the body. How significant are the findings in relationship to nursing practice: This study revealed that excess fat and cholesterol acts like the major contributors to the heart diseases. Taking proper diet and exercise habit helps to prevent the disease. Article No. 5: Omega-3 Supplements and Cardiovascular Diseases Author: Azin Mohebi-Nejad and Behnood Bikeli Date: 2014 Analysis: Type of study: The study is based on the commonly used supplement of CVD named as Omega-3. Population: a group of 328 individuals of England under the age group of 18-37 years (Azin Mohebi-Nejad, 2014). Methodology: The study is on Omega-3 fatty acid which is considered as the primary as well as secondary supplement for preventing the heart diseases. The study also describes the structure, and sources of the Omega-3 component. Interventions: The fatty acid is one of the poly unsaturated types of fatty acids that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. DHA or docosahexaenoic acid and EPA or eicosapentaenoic acid are among the long chain component of omega-3 fatty acid. A well known source of these components is sea foods. So, sea foods should be added to the healthy diet chart to prevent the heart related diseases. Limitations of the study: The study is only based on the structuring and sources of the omega-3 fatty acid. Study results: This study identifies the source and structure of the omega-3 fatty acid. The major source of it is the sea foods. This component is also helpful to reduce the chance of heart diseases. How significant are the findings in relationship to nursing practice: This study helps to understand that Omega-3 Fatty acid is essential for the human body to prevent the heart diseases. The study also identifies the main source of the component, which are sea foods. Article No. 6: Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease Author: Tamam N Mohamad Date: Apr 1st, 2015 Analysis: Type of study: This study shows the figures of the deaths caused due the heart diseases. Population: This study is also based on US. Statistical analysis: This study revealed that in the year 2005, the death caused in US due to CVD is more than 864,480 (Publichealthreports.org, 2016). Whereas the secondary death caused due to CVD in that year was 507,520. Interventions: The study reported that detection of the diseases in the early stages helps to prevent them. The study also illustrates some prevention measures of the CHD (Coronary Heart Diseases) in terms of primary as well as secondary prevention ways. Limitations of the study: The study did not suggest the precautions should be taken to prevent the Coronary Heart Diseases. Study results: The study shows the death figure of the US population in the year 2005 from the heart related diseases. In addition to this, the research also describes some primary and secondary prevention methods of the CHD diseases (Emedicine.medscape.com, 2016). How significant are the findings in relationship to nursing practice: As per the study, early detection of the CHD diseases may help to prevent the diseases. Summary and Conclusion This overall research has broadly entailed the various causes and issues faced by the people who are suffering from heart related diseases. It has been perceived by reviewing all the six articles that these diseases have led the people of US to even die a premature death. Based on this analysis, several precautionary measures that can be adopted by the health care sectors to reduce this disease have been acknowledged. The nurses need to gain immense knowledge during the nursing practice sections and must understand how they can help the patients to overcome their diseases. The research paper also demonstrated the rates of population that have been suffering from several heart diseases. As per the analysis of these articles, proper diet habit and regular exercise helps to prevent the heart related diseases. Ommega-3 Fatty acid is also a useful component to prevent the heart diseases. The sea foods are the enrich source of this components. One of the study results also shows that heart diseases pattern also varies as per geographical diversity and sex. Genetic model of the human body also needs to be considered for evaluating fruitful outcomes. According to a study report, early detection of the Coronary Heart Diseases can prevent the disease to cause death. In order to identify and find out more helpful precautionary interventions regarding these heart related diseases, further studies can be made in this ground. References Azin Mohebi-Nejad, B. (2014). Omega-3 Supplements and Cardiovascular Diseases.Tanaffos, [online] 13(1), p.6. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4153275/ [Accessed 29 Jul. 2016]. Emedicine.medscape.com. (2016).Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease: Overview, Risk Assessment and Primary Prevention, Classification of Recommendations. [online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/164214-overview [Accessed 29 Jul. 2016]. Mercola.com. (2016).1 in 3 Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease Is Preventable. [online] Available at: https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/04/07/cardiovascular-disease-preventable.aspx [Accessed 29 Jul. 2016]. Publichealthreports.org. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.publichealthreports.org/issueopen.cfm?articleID=3533 [Accessed 29 Jul. 2016]. Scholarspace.jccc.edu. (2016). [online] Available at: https://scholarspace.jccc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047context=honors_journal [Accessed 29 Jul. 2016]. Vaughan, A., Quick, H., Pathak, E., Kramer, M. and Casper, M. (2015). Disparities in Temporal and Geographic Patterns of Declining Heart Disease Mortality by Race and Sex in the United States, 19732010.J Am Heart Assoc, 4(12), p.e002567.

Store Cashier Incentive

Introduction Entrepreneurs start businesses with a view to make profit. Profits do not happen by themselves except through a process that executes relevant business functions. The place of the employee or staff is essential towards the achievement of the business goals and objectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Store Cashier Incentive specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This places the question of staff motivation as key to the fulfillment of business objectives. The relationship between motivation and performance is crucial. Staff motivation has to do with the provision of a pleasant working environment for the workers. It involves the creation of relevant work ethics, clarification of responsibilities and documentation of effective performance appraisal and rewarding system. A company will not be able to achieve desired results without motivated staff. Business owners must ensure that employees derive meaning from the work they do. This will guarantee their commitment and excellence in performance. The success of the company depends more or less on the passion and concentration of workers. Staff motivation is the key to business excellence (Bruce and Pepitone, 1999). The store must invest in motivation. Purpose does not exist in most of today’s business enterprises. One of the reasons why staff become demoralized has to do with lack of clarity for the purpose within the business. The store cashier has a vital role of ensuring that the customers of the store get satisfied. This means that the cashier must undertake such tasks and activities that ensure excellent customer service and satisfaction. They must also perform those tasks with the utmost excellence. The incentive program should include clarity of work purposes. The incentive program details the activities involved in the fulfillment of work tasks. The purposes for which those tasks become undertaken must be clarified. Pur pose will help workers in making the right choices about work activities and find meaning in what they do. The external needs of the cashiers should be met as a means of providing a pleasant working environment. The program should work around dealing with external uncertainties surrounding customer satisfaction – dealing with customer moods, tastes and preferences (Thomas, 2009). The other components to be considered include – creation of a high performance culture environment and rewarding outstanding implementation and performance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The incentive program should address critical work issues – staff satisfaction with job assignment, recognition, management support and understanding. The components of the incentive program should be integrated within the human resource training module. It should be entrenched in the employee team building program. The business monitoring and evaluation matrices should reflect the adopted components of the incentive program. Excellent feedback mechanism systems should be developed to allow continuous interaction between the employees and the human resource managers and business owners. All the components of the individual incentive program can be adopted for implementation at the corporation or store level. The other store or group incentives include developing a model for corporation wide staff motivation. The store managers should also refine the store’s core values. The store values should focus the cashiers and other employees towards the store purpose. The same store incentives should be channeled creatively through the store managers and during employees team building activities. The store wide incentives should be entrenched within the store policies and implemented by the managers using a relevant store wide structure. Conclusion The priority of store own ers should be to develop incentives that motivate the staff. This will result in excellent staff performance and customer satisfaction. References Bruce, A., Pepitone, J.S. (1999). Motivating Employees. New York: The McGraw – Hill Companies, Inc. Thomas, K. W. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation at Work: What Really Drives Employee  Engagement. California: Berrett – Koehler Publishers, Inc. This essay on Store Cashier Incentive was written and submitted by user R0man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Milk †How Long is the Shelf Life

Milk – How Long is the Shelf Life Free Online Research Papers THE SHELF LIFE OF MILK Introduction While there is little controversy over many aspects of product development, food quality issues and safety processes must be taken into consideration. Critical discussion of biotechnology and its application in the food marketplace has resulted in a firestorm of public debate, scientific discussion, and media coverage. The countries most affected by this debate are Middle Eastern and third world countries, who stand to reap the benefits of solving widespread starvation, and countries such as the United States. The world’s population is predicted to double in the next 50 years and ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is already a challenge. Scientists must meet the challenge through the production of food products that meet the highest quality issues and follow intense safety processes. Milk is an important food product that is an essential part of a healthy diet, although this product appears to have a relatively short shelf life once the container is opened. This paper will analyze the shelf-life of milk, taking onto consideration the quality issues surrounding safety in the milk-manufacturing process. Benefits of Milk Milk, a natural liquid food, is one of the most nutritionally complete foods, adding high-quality protein, fat, milk, sugar, essential vitamins and minerals to one’s diet. Milk contains bacteria that, when improperly handled, may create conditions where the bacteria can multiply. The microorganisms that constitute bacteria can find their way to the hair, udder, and teats of dairy cows and can move up the teat canal. Some of these germs cause an inflammatory disease of the udder called mastitis while others enter the milk without causing any harm to the animal. In addition, organisms can enter the milk supply during the milking process when equipment is used in milking, transporting, and storing the milk is not properly cleaned and sanitized. All milk products have the potential to transmit disease causing organisms to humans. Ironically, the nutritional components that make milk and milk products an important part of the diet also support the growth of organisms. In add ition, milk is only good for a certain period of time; after this time frame, it becomes spoiled and potentially dangerous. Milk Shelf-Life The â€Å"shelf-life† of a product is defined as the length of time that a food can be held under recommended or practical storage conditions and still maintain its freshness or acceptable quality (Cornell University, 2000). The shelf-life of milk is reflected in the â€Å"sell by† date, while many products stay fresh for a short period of time, consisting of days, after this date. Milk is commonly referred to in two different ways; pasteurized and ultra-pasteurized. Both pasteurization and ultra-pasteurization refer to the heat processes that are designed to kill bacteria, or germs, in milk that may be harmful or may cause spoilage of milk products. These kinds of bacteria can be found in raw milk directly from the farm; as a result milk from farms is transported to dairy processing plants and is heat processed within a few days after milking to prolong its shelf-life. Drinking raw milk causes foodborne illnesses, which have occurred worldwide since cows have been milked. Historically, cows have been milked in farms as far back as 9000 B.C., however, it was not until colonial times in 1611 that dairy cows were raised (Shearer, et.al., 1992). During this period, the majority of cows were used for dairy and beef purposes, and milk and dairy products were unavailable for those not living on or near the farm. Milk production was seasonal, and the stabilization of this production was precluded as a result of the lack of refrigeration History of Milk Processing Over the years, the modern technology involved in milk processing have rectified these problems and in the present-day a wide array of safe, wholesome dairy products are available to people throughout the developed world (Shearer et.al., 1992). The production of quality milk affects consumers, retail distributors of milk, milk product processors, and state regulatory departments. In the 1900’s it was discovered that milk can transmit tuberculosis, scarlet fever and diphtheria to humans; the threat of these diseases and the incidence of outbreaks involving milk have been drastically reduced over the decades of the past as a result of improved sanitary milk production practices and pasteurization. Pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated to a minimum of o161 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 15 seconds, and packaged under clean and sanitized conditions. Some bacteria will survive under pasteurization in very low numbers, though they are not considered harmful and will not spoil milk under normal refrigerated conditions (Cornell University, 2000). Pasteurized milk that spoils quickly is most often the result of contamination after the pasteurization process. The average shelf-life of pasteurized milk held under proper refrigeration is 12 to 16 days (Cornell University, 2000). Under ideal refrigeration, most pasteurized milk will remain fresh for 2 to 5 days after its sell by date (Cornell University, 2000). Ultra-pasteurized Milk Ultra-pasteurized milk is milk that has been heated to a minimum of 280 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 2 seconds. This temperature and time kills virtually all spoilage bacteria in milk. Ultra-pasteurized milk is packaged under near sterile conditions, which makes contamination with spoilage bacteria unlikely and rare (Cornell University, 2000). Ultra-pasteurization is most often used for specialty diary products and has an average shelf-life of 30 to 90 days when held under refrigeration, but only until the product is opened. Once an ultra-pasteurized product is opened, it may become contaminated with spoilage bacteria, so after opening, it ultra-pasteurized milk should be kept well refrigerated and used within 7 to 10 days for best quality. Milk Safe Handling There are three main requirements for the safe handling of milk: 1) a potable water supply and proper dispensing system must be available to avoid contamination, 2) clean and healthy animals, clean hands, and clean utensils, and 3) rapid cooling, cold storage, proper pasteurization, and clean storage of pasteurized milk. The first requirement consists of a pure hot and cold water supply for the animals’ health, and for proper cleaning of the animals, milk handles and utensils, along with regular maintenance of the system. Additionally, the animal’s hair should be clipped regularly around the flanks and udder to prevent it from collecting dirt. For the second requirement, milkers should wash their hands and the udder with clean water or use an approved germicidal solution before milking. Most importantly, milk from diseased animals or those under antibiotic treatment may not be used. All equipment and utensils should be cleaned immediately after use. Finally, milk must be promptly cooled to 40 degrees Fahrenheit or less and stored in a closed container before and after pasteurization to maintain the quality and flavor of the milk. After the milk is taken from the cow, it continues through further handling and processing. Milk processing has three main objectives: 1) the destruction of human pathogens through pasteurization, 2) keeping the quality of the product without significant loss of flavor, appearance, physical and nutritive properties, and 3) the selective control of organisms which may produce unsatisfactory products (Shearer et.al., 1992). The procedures at milk processing plants prevent further bacterial contamination of raw materials, reduce bacterial numbers in milk, and protect the finished product from recontamination through careful handling, proper packaging and storage. Certain organisms are capable of surviving pasteurization and refrigeration processes, which an important concern because they reduce the product’s shelf-life. The bacteria of most concern are psychrotropic bacteria, which can grow at refrigeration temperatures and can produce off-flavors. The primary source of thes e bacteria is in the environment, such as air, dust and dirty equipment, so the proper cleaning and sanitizing procedures are necessary for quality control. Grade A milk quality standards allow a maximum of 100,000 bacteria per milliliters of raw milk (Shearer at.al., 1992). Chronic offenders of this standard risk losing their license to sell milk to the Grade A market, and the majority of dairies are able to maintain bacteria counts between 5 to 10,000 per milliliter. Dairy cooperatives are organized by dairymen for the purpose of marketing milk, and instead of buying milk directly from the farms, milk processors buy their milk directly from the dairy cooperative. Cooperatives serve the dairymen by promoting dairy products, providing an effective lobby for political concerns, and informing members on issues such as water quality, waste management, and milk pricing. Other state departments are responsible for the safe production of milk as well. The United States Public Health Service promotes the consumption of milk for good nutrition, recognizes that the potential for milkborne illnesses is a significant public health threat, and has agreements for reciprocal acceptance of milk and milk products between political jurisdictions. The milk sanitation program of the United States Public Health Service has been very successful; in 1938, milkborne disease outbreaks constituted 25% of all disease outbreaks resulting from infected foods and contaminated water supplies. Today, less than 1% of such disease outbreaks can be linked to the consumption of milk and milk products (Shearer et.al., 1992). Milk-borne Diseases However, although fewer cases of milkborne ailments exist today, the possibility is still realistic. For example, more than 300 people in the United States got sick from drinking raw milk or eating cheese made from raw milk in 2001, and nearly 200 became ill from these products in 2002 (Bren, 2004). Most health people recover from foodborne illnesses within a short period of time, but others may have symptoms that are chronic, severe, or life-threatening. Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, children and those with certain diseases or conditions, are most at risk for severe infections from pathogens that may be present in raw milk. In pregnant women, listeria monocytogenes caused illnesses that resulted in miscarriage, fetal death, or the illness or death of a newborn infant (Bern, 1994). Furthermore, escherichia coli infection has been linked to hemolytic uremic syndrome, a condition that can cause kidney failure and death (Bern, 1994). As a result of such potential infections, the United States Public Health Service/Food and Drug Administration, divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, have developed a policy or regulations with regard to milk quality. This model is known as the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance of 1978 (PMO), and contains the milk quality standards recommended to states, counties and municipalities. The following adoptions of these procedures by state legislatures, policy and standards by the individual states must be equal to be not lessor than those standards outlined in the PMO. States such as Florida and Illinois have their own divisions vested with the responsibility of policy making, licensing and inspecting of dairy farms and processing plants, and enforcement’s of individual Grade A milk programs. Federal Agencies Milk The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides oversight for the processing of raw milk into pasteurized milk, cottage cheese, yogurt and sour cream under the National Conference on Intestate Milk Shipments â€Å"Grade A† milk program. This cooperative between the FDA and the 50 states including Puerto Rico helps to ensure the uniformity of milk regulations and the safety of milk and milk products (Bern, 1994). This program is also based on the PMO, and under the Grade A program, state personnel conduct inspections and assign ratings that are audited by FDA regional milk specialists. The FDA Grade A milk program includes pasteurized milk from cows, sheep, goats, and horses. Raw milk and raw milk cheeses cannot be labeled Grade A, since they are not pasteurized and not covered under the program (Berns, 1994). Finally, the quality and safety processes for milk remains a concern for consumers, dairy farmers, and the government agencies that regulate milk and milk products. The world continues to grow, and the production of milk must continue to meet up to standards. According to the United Nations Population Division Report, the world population reached 6.1 billion in mid-2000 and is currently growing at an annual rate of 1.2%. Six of the poorest countries such as India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, are responsible for half the observed growth. In 2050 the total world population is expected to be around 13 billion people, of which 11 billion will be in underdeveloped regions. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization estimates that world agricultural exports increased at an average annual rate of 3.2% in value terms from 1990 to 1999, with food exports growing at a rate of 3.7%. However, the agricultural trade of developing countries during this per iod represents only 50% of total world exports and it is concentrated in a minority of developing countries, a situation that creates an uneven trade balance in food from developed to developing countries. Conclusion The world’s milk production depends on agencies such as the FDA and national cooperation between dairy farms. Other suggestions for a comprehensive milk quality improvement system include the investigation of health status of raw milk, and the clear delineation of responsibilities for quality investigation, for activities and processes to improve milk quality. Processes such as pasteurization have created an extended shelf-life for milk and milk products. The government could also implement an extension service for milk producers, which would secure the necessary problem areas and would be aimed at obtaining the highest degree of efficiency and synergy. This service could include technical supervision, herd management, cow behavior, milking technique, animal health and hygiene and continuing education on milking techniques. Fortunately, the threat of milkborne diseases and the incidence of outbreaks involving milk and milk products has been greatly reduced over the decade s due to improved sanitary milk production practices and pasteurization. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bren, L. (2004). Got Milk? Make sure its Pasteurized. FDA Consumer Magazine, September- October Issue. Cornell University. 2000. Pasteurized versus Ultra Pasteurized Milk – Why such Sell-by Dates? Retrieved September 29, 2006, from Cornell University’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Web site. Shearer, J. Bachman, K., Boosinger, J. (1992). The Production of Quality Milk. Retrieved September 29, 2006, from the University of Florida Website: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/DS112. Bren, Linda. Got milk? Make sure it’s pasteurized. findarticles.com. 22 Dec 2009. FDA, Web. 22 Dec 2009. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1370/is_5_38/ai_n6198587/ . World Health Organization. 2007. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System (HACCP). Retrieved July 3, 2009. who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/haccp/en/. Research Papers on Milk - How Long is the Shelf LifeGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

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Passion for arts - Essay Example My passion for arts has conveyed me opportunities to have fun, enhance my strengths, and help other people. I fully enjoy my task of being the art/costume director of one of our school plays. I consider this as one of my greatest achievements in life because the play highlights my dexterity in designing costumes which suit the role of the different characters. I also gain unique insights with my responsibility as an assistant art teacher in primary school. This experience exposes me to the tedious yet pleasurable task of teaching and discovering the creativity of young minds. These roles enable me to gain happiness from art and interaction with other people. I believe that arts bridge us to our unique culture and express our real identity. Even though I have gained substantial knowledge in European art during my high school education, I desire to gain knowledge within my origin. I take pride in being a Qatari as well as my Islamic heritage and I believe that pursuing the education in Islamic art will be most pleasurable considering that I am already exposed and familiar with various art pieces. For me, as Islamic art represents the artistry of a unique culture, it exudes its own sophistication which is lacking in Western Art. Gaining knowledge in Islamic art will also provide me with the head start of my plan on building a career in the Islamic Museum of Qatar. Recognizing my nation’s need of preserving our artworks, I would like to devote my passion to the art by building and enhancing the museum. ... I also gain unique insights with my responsibility as an assistant art teacher in primary school. This experience exposes me to the tedious yet pleasurable task of teaching and discovering the creativity of young minds. These roles enable me to gain happiness from art and interaction with other people. I believe that arts bridge us to our unique culture and express our real identity. Even though I have gained substantial knowledge in European art during my high school education, I desire to gain knowledge within my origin. I take pride in being a Qatari as well as my Islamic heritage and I believe that pursuing education in Islamic art will be most pleasurable considering that I am already exposed and familiar with various art pieces. For me, as Islamic art represents the artistry of a unique culture, it exudes its own sophistication which is lacking in Western Art. Gaining knowledge in Islamic art will also provide me with the head start of my plan in building a career in the Islamic Museum of Qatar. Recognizing my nation's need of preserving our artworks, I would like to devote my passion in art by building and enhancing the museum. In this role, I will be enabling other people to explore their culture, gain a deeper knowledge in their artistic origin, and provide them a better view of their identity as Asians and Qatari. I will also be uplifting my people's perception and concept of Islamic art. My passion for art, my various interests, my pride for my heritage, and my future career goal all justifies my desire to pursue a diploma in Asian arts. Going beyond the stereotype of the docile, meek, and quiet Qatari woman, I want to attain